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hello and welcome to the national air

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and space museum in washington dc my

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name is marty kelsey i host a television

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show for middle school students from

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here at the museum you might have

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noticed there's a rather large vehicle

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standing behind me this is the mars

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concept rover 5500 pounds 23 feet long

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almost 11 feet tall with a top speed of

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six miles an hour this thing is

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incredible and i'm really excited about

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having it in the museum today i taught

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for a long long time and we've got a lot

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of young people standing around waiting

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for the astronaut to come up and it's

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really exciting because these guys who

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are 10 11 12 years old are right in that

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window for the perfect age to maybe be

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the first person to step foot on mars to

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me that's incredibly exciting

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it is my honor today to introduce our

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our guest nasa astronaut john mcbride

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former naval aviator he flew on sts 41g

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piloted the space shuttle challenger

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spent over eight days in space please

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welcome astronaut john mcbride

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thank you

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let me add my words of welcome to you uh

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here at the national air and space

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museum one of the most iconic places on

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the globe

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you could spend days in here and i have

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literally over the last 30 or 40 years

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spent days in this

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beautiful facility at one time in my

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life i was an assistant administrator of

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nasa just across the street when we were

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in the building right across from us and

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got to spend three years here in

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washington dc and lots of nights were

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spent over here speaking in the air and

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space museum so it's a very

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special place in my life in my heart

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this thing behind me what a beautiful

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piece of equipment

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in less than one year we sat down we sat

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around the table we came up with a

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design concept and this is what you see

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in less than a year

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this is not designed to go to mars it

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won't make the trip this is a prototype

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i'd like to think that it'll go to mars

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but it was not designed with all the

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space capabilities to leave earth and

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travel that one year and land on mars

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and

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is a prototype it's our best guess

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and we used an educated guest we talked

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to everybody that we could talk to about

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what they thought the lunar or martian

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rover would look like what it would act

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like what its requirements would be so

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what you see behind me is not the one

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that will make the trip but i'll

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guarantee that a lot of the features

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that you see here are real and will be a

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part of the

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martian rover that actually makes that

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trip

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it was designed and built by the visitor

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center at the kennedy space center so

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there's no tax dollars by the way in

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this thing it's all comes from the

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proceeds of the gate receipts that we've

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taken down to kennedy when you come and

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visit us so come and see the

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kennedy space center and see the martian

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rover down there with about two days

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more of activities that you can visit to

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witness at the kennedy visitor complex

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in in florida so

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make sure you do that i'll be world

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worship well worth your time

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i uh

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started off in the great state of west

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virginia right next door born and raised

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over there and

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was a west virginia mountaineer got to

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yay got to go down to uh

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houston

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in the very first class

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of space shuttle astronauts now all the

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guys that came before me were those

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older guys look at me now

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but back in the 1978 when i came aboard

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in the very first class uh the only

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people had flown before us were the

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mercury gemini and apollo astronauts so

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we were the very first class

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of people picked and chosen to fly this

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brand new thing we called space shuttle

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not so brand new anymore they're all

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retired and one of them is out at the

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dulles airport at the national air space

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museum annex out there

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so it's been a wonderful career for me

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to be in that very first class and we

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had 35 of us

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there were 15 like myself who are pilots

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we're all test pilots and 10 of us came

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from the navy

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and 5 from the air force

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the other 20 in my class are a new

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category of astronauts that nasa had

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ever had before they're called

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mission specialists including sally ride

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was in my class our first american woman

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guy blueford our first african-american

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was in my class to fly in space ellison

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anizuka was our first

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american to fly in space so

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first mountaineer right here

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so it really was a unique group of

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people that nasa assembled in 1978 to be

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the first

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cadre i say of astronauts to fly that

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brand new vehicle vehicle called space

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shuttle

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and we built uh

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five space shuttles the first one we

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built was called enterprise

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it was on display out of the air and

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space museum for many years it's now on

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the intrepid up in the hudson river in

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new york city

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now the first shuttle we built to fly in

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space was called

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columbia

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and i was very fortunate on the first

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flight of columbia to be the little

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chase pilot to join high with him over

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edwards air force base and made the

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decent landing at the dry runway out at

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edwards air force base in april of 1981.

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the first crew to fly the shuttle was

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john young

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and bob crippen

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two navy naval aviators just like myself

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john young had walked on the moon he was

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chief of the astronaut office who

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obviously he got to be the commander

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right

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and bob crippen was his pilot so it was

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a only flew two people

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on the first four flights

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of the space shuttle that's because we

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wanted to make sure we could get the

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shuttle up into space safely and fly it

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around and do all the mission objectives

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and come back and make it a landing

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so i was there on the on the first one

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and we flew two people on the first

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floor then we uh got a little larger we

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flew four people

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then we flew five

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then we flew six

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and i took the first crew of seven on

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the 13th flight of the

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space shuttle we always wanted to get to

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seven people because we felt that was

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the maximum

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maximum most efficient crew size to have

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seven people on board the space shuttle

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to do all the experiments

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two of us were pilots

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we still needed nasa thought we still

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needed pilots right to get this thing up

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there and fly it around and take care of

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it and bring it back and landing land it

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but the other members of our crews up to

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five were what we call the mission

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specialists and they're the

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men and women who did all the space

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walks

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they launched the satellites they did

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all the experimentation in orbit

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took all the nice photographs and all

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that type of stuff so we needed a good

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mix and match of talent so we had pilots

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and mission specialists

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on board to do those missions so i was

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very proud to have the first crew of

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seven with two pilots and five missions

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and we had the canadian broadcasting

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service here

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mark garneau

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was the very first canadian to go into

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space

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and alongside him was the first

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australian any aussies here today

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well scully power was the very first

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australian and it was my joy to fly with

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the first australian and the first

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canadian into space on the we were the

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13th flight of the space shuttle on

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board the challenger we spent eight and

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a half days in orbit

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i don't know if you realize it or not

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but we do circle the earth every 90

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minutes in space

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every hour and a half we go completely

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around the globe

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and to do that you got to be traveling

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about 16

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000 miles per hour

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means i'm traveling over the earth at

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about six miles every time every second

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every second i travel six miles i'll

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travel across the united states in about

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12 minutes

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from

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london to mumbai in about 12 or 14

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minutes so totally around the earth

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every 90.

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and the beautiful thing that happens is

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while you're in space circling the earth

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in a fixed position you don't change

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anything in the shuttle what's changing

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as you go around

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earth is rotating underneath us right

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makes one rotation every day

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so as i circle the earth every 90

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minutes it's turned about 1500 degree

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miles

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underneath me so i don't see the same

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part of the earth every time i go around

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it i see a different part of the earth

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is just turning underneath me as i

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circle it so you put all these for you

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youngsters

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put all these things together

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the excitement of an eight-minute launch

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where from the time we start our engines

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on the pad in kennedy until we're in

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space is only eight and a half minutes

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from zero miles per hour to almost 18

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000 miles an hour and eight and a half

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minutes

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then i'm traveling around the earth

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every hour and a half

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as i travel around the earth

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a wonderful phenomenon happens

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i'm traveling around the earth between

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the sun up here in the earth so i'm in

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daylight for 45 minutes

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then i have a sunset i go behind the

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earth into darkness

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for 45 minutes

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then i have another sunrise

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45 minutes a day light and

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sunset

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so as i circle here 16 times every 24

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hours i have 16 sunrises

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and 16 sunsets

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and the beauty of the earth at day and

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night is spectacular obviously in your

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daytime you can see all the land masses

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all the continents

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when i'm flying down the middle of the

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mississippi i can look west and see

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california in the pacific i can look

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east and see new york and the atlantic

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and the gulf of mexico straight ahead so

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you can see essentially 1500 miles in

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all directions at night

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it's a panoramic

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view of a different nature because when

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you're on the back side of the earth you

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can't see the sun you're in darkness but

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you can see the outline of all the

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00:09:36,470 --> 00:09:34,320
countries and the shorelines with all

282
00:09:37,750 --> 00:09:36,480
the lights of the cities

283
00:09:39,190 --> 00:09:37,760
so when i'm flying over the middle of

284
00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:39,200
the united states i can see all the

285
00:09:42,630 --> 00:09:41,040
lights you can see the atlantic ocean

286
00:09:44,550 --> 00:09:42,640
because of the definition of the lights

287
00:09:46,389 --> 00:09:44,560
along the atlantic coast

288
00:09:47,590 --> 00:09:46,399
now you can see the pacific goes by the

289
00:09:50,470 --> 00:09:47,600
definition of all the lights in

290
00:09:52,150 --> 00:09:50,480
california oregon and new york when

291
00:09:54,550 --> 00:09:52,160
you're west east of the mississippi over

292
00:09:56,230 --> 00:09:54,560
this part of the of the world

293
00:09:57,910 --> 00:09:56,240
you can look down everything's lit up in

294
00:09:59,269 --> 00:09:57,920
the whole united states except one

295
00:10:01,829 --> 00:09:59,279
little dark place right here in the

296
00:10:02,829 --> 00:10:01,839
eastern part of the and what is that

297
00:10:05,269 --> 00:10:02,839
west

298
00:10:06,870 --> 00:10:05,279
virginia where i come from we were proud

299
00:10:09,030 --> 00:10:06,880
of that there's not many lights over

300
00:10:10,870 --> 00:10:09,040
there it's still kind of wilderness and

301
00:10:12,870 --> 00:10:10,880
uh we're very proud of the

302
00:10:14,630 --> 00:10:12,880
of our heritage over there so

303
00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:14,640
but any the bottom line is anytime

304
00:10:17,269 --> 00:10:16,000
you're in space

305
00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:17,279
you're traveling around the earth at

306
00:10:20,310 --> 00:10:18,880
every hour and a half

307
00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:20,320
get to see different parts of the earth

308
00:10:22,870 --> 00:10:21,600
each and every time you go around

309
00:10:24,150 --> 00:10:22,880
because you're not covering the same

310
00:10:25,750 --> 00:10:24,160
ground

311
00:10:27,910 --> 00:10:25,760
but more importantly

312
00:10:30,470 --> 00:10:27,920
you're doing some great science

313
00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:30,480
research studying the earth

314
00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:32,800
studying the universe launching things

315
00:10:36,550 --> 00:10:34,880
like the hubble telescope which are

316
00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:36,560
finding new things each and every day

317
00:10:40,870 --> 00:10:38,720
about this universe that we live in so

318
00:10:42,870 --> 00:10:40,880
you put all those things together

319
00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:42,880
it's probably the best job that a person

320
00:10:46,470 --> 00:10:43,920
could ever

321
00:10:48,949 --> 00:10:46,480
experience and i'm very fortunate

322
00:10:50,790 --> 00:10:48,959
very pleased that i had that opportunity

323
00:10:53,590 --> 00:10:50,800
to go into space

324
00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:53,600
to travel around the earth 133 times

325
00:10:56,870 --> 00:10:55,760
and do some great science while we were

326
00:10:58,150 --> 00:10:56,880
there

327
00:11:00,389 --> 00:10:58,160
and it's even more important to come

328
00:11:03,269 --> 00:11:00,399
back to earth and talk to folks like you

329
00:11:04,790 --> 00:11:03,279
and particularly the youngsters

330
00:11:06,389 --> 00:11:04,800
we've got some young people here and we

331
00:11:09,430 --> 00:11:06,399
think that the first man or woman that

332
00:11:11,509 --> 00:11:09,440
does walk on mars

333
00:11:13,430 --> 00:11:11,519
drives this explorer around the surface

334
00:11:16,310 --> 00:11:13,440
of mars of somewhere between eight and

335
00:11:19,030 --> 00:11:16,320
eighteen years old today

336
00:11:20,550 --> 00:11:19,040
maybe six and sixteen year old if we get

337
00:11:21,990 --> 00:11:20,560
the go-ahead

338
00:11:23,430 --> 00:11:22,000
depends on where we get the money from

339
00:11:25,430 --> 00:11:23,440
congress

340
00:11:27,750 --> 00:11:25,440
to decide when we will actually go to

341
00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:27,760
the surface of mars we haven't made that

342
00:11:31,910 --> 00:11:30,160
decision yet we just talk about it

343
00:11:33,829 --> 00:11:31,920
but until we translate the talk into

344
00:11:34,710 --> 00:11:33,839
words we're not going to actually get

345
00:11:35,990 --> 00:11:34,720
there

346
00:11:37,910 --> 00:11:36,000
so if you're knowing the congressman and

347
00:11:39,350 --> 00:11:37,920
the senators here in washington send

348
00:11:41,030 --> 00:11:39,360
them a note

349
00:11:41,990 --> 00:11:41,040
call them on the telephone tell them

350
00:11:43,350 --> 00:11:42,000
that you want to get this thing

351
00:11:45,670 --> 00:11:43,360
tomorrow's going off and running we

352
00:11:47,269 --> 00:11:45,680
already got the prototype vehicle

353
00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:47,279
that will carry you on the surface of

354
00:11:50,629 --> 00:11:48,480
mars

355
00:11:52,389 --> 00:11:50,639
this can be a wonderful trip

356
00:11:54,629 --> 00:11:52,399
it's not like the moon

357
00:11:56,710 --> 00:11:54,639
we can get to the moon in about two days

358
00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:56,720
and back to go to mars it's going to be

359
00:12:00,949 --> 00:11:59,200
more like a year

360
00:12:02,550 --> 00:12:00,959
a year one way

361
00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:02,560
and you can't just take off and go to

362
00:12:06,790 --> 00:12:04,800
mars anytime you want to do want to do

363
00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:06,800
that because we're not in the same

364
00:12:10,350 --> 00:12:09,200
orbit around the sun right

365
00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:10,360
it takes us

366
00:12:16,230 --> 00:12:13,360
365 days to go around the earth

367
00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:16,240
it takes mars about 780 days to go

368
00:12:18,629 --> 00:12:17,760
around the earth so we are not close

369
00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:18,639
enough

370
00:12:22,629 --> 00:12:20,240
in orbit around the sun where we can

371
00:12:23,350 --> 00:12:22,639
take off and go to mars any day we want

372
00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:23,360
to

373
00:12:26,629 --> 00:12:25,120
it's only happens about once every two

374
00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:26,639
years i think

375
00:12:30,069 --> 00:12:28,560
so we'll take off and it's gonna we take

376
00:12:31,990 --> 00:12:30,079
off when mars and earth are approaching

377
00:12:34,069 --> 00:12:32,000
their nearest proximity and it's gonna

378
00:12:35,670 --> 00:12:34,079
take us a year

379
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:35,680
to get to mars even when we're at the

380
00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:37,600
closest proximity still going to be

381
00:12:40,629 --> 00:12:38,480
about

382
00:12:41,509 --> 00:12:40,639
40 million miles away or something like

383
00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:41,519
that

384
00:12:45,030 --> 00:12:43,040
we don't have the propulsion system to

385
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:45,040
get there much quicker so some maybe

386
00:12:48,470 --> 00:12:46,639
some of the youngsters here can design

387
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:48,480
iron propulsion

388
00:12:52,230 --> 00:12:50,240
thermal propulsion all these types of

389
00:12:53,829 --> 00:12:52,240
things that will expedite our travel to

390
00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:53,839
mars and back but right now with current

391
00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:55,519
propulsion systems it's going to take us

392
00:12:58,470 --> 00:12:57,120
a year

393
00:13:01,110 --> 00:12:58,480
and you can't just unless you want to

394
00:13:03,110 --> 00:13:01,120
just go over and come back the same day

395
00:13:04,870 --> 00:13:03,120
which we don't want to do that you'll

396
00:13:07,509 --> 00:13:04,880
probably have to spend one or two years

397
00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:07,519
on the surface of mars to wait for the

398
00:13:11,190 --> 00:13:09,440
planets to be realigned

399
00:13:13,269 --> 00:13:11,200
so that you can make the voyage back to

400
00:13:14,870 --> 00:13:13,279
earth so all in all you're looking at a

401
00:13:17,110 --> 00:13:14,880
two or three year

402
00:13:18,550 --> 00:13:17,120
trip how many youngsters want to sign up

403
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:18,560
anyway

404
00:13:22,389 --> 00:13:20,959
i see some hands i like that there's big

405
00:13:24,870 --> 00:13:22,399
people too

406
00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:24,880
so it's going to be a magnificent voyage

407
00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:27,600
just think how proud your family

408
00:13:31,750 --> 00:13:28,959
and your friends would be if you're the

409
00:13:34,870 --> 00:13:31,760
first man or woman that walks on mars

410
00:13:37,269 --> 00:13:34,880
who's the first man to walk on the moon

411
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:37,279
neil armstrong right everybody remembers

412
00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:38,720
that name he's

413
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:40,480
here in this museum

414
00:13:43,670 --> 00:13:42,000
so just think what it would be like for

415
00:13:45,430 --> 00:13:43,680
you your family your community your

416
00:13:46,389 --> 00:13:45,440
state to be the first man or woman that

417
00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,399
actually

418
00:13:51,189 --> 00:13:48,959
sets foot on mars and rides in this

419
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:51,199
vehicle behind me

420
00:13:55,030 --> 00:13:53,440
couldn't be a greater thing to happen

421
00:13:57,509 --> 00:13:55,040
but to get there

422
00:14:00,829 --> 00:13:57,519
remember some of the things i said

423
00:14:02,389 --> 00:14:00,839
your most important job is

424
00:14:04,069 --> 00:14:02,399
education

425
00:14:06,550 --> 00:14:04,079
stay in school

426
00:14:08,710 --> 00:14:06,560
fill your head with good stuff

427
00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:08,720
study each and every day

428
00:14:12,949 --> 00:14:10,880
listen to your teachers your parents

429
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:12,959
your grandparents like me

430
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:15,040
your counselors and the people that love

431
00:14:19,509 --> 00:14:17,600
you don't listen to the people that

432
00:14:22,069 --> 00:14:19,519
don't particularly care about you never

433
00:14:23,590 --> 00:14:22,079
get involved with drugs that can mess up

434
00:14:25,829 --> 00:14:23,600
your whole life

435
00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:25,839
so if you're willing to work very hard

436
00:14:30,629 --> 00:14:28,000
listen to the good people that love you

437
00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:30,639
study get a good education there's no

438
00:14:34,710 --> 00:14:32,480
reason why you could not be

439
00:14:36,470 --> 00:14:34,720
that man or woman that sets foot on mars

440
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:36,480
for that very first time

441
00:14:39,750 --> 00:14:38,399
so think about that

442
00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:39,760
i'd love to think that i had the

443
00:14:45,509 --> 00:14:42,320
opportunity to talk to you today

444
00:14:47,910 --> 00:14:45,519
if you get that assignment to go to mars

445
00:14:49,269 --> 00:14:47,920
make sure you call me

446
00:14:51,910 --> 00:14:49,279
they'll find me just call the air and

447
00:14:53,910 --> 00:14:51,920
space museum they'll find where i am

448
00:14:55,670 --> 00:14:53,920
and tell them that you got selected to

449
00:14:58,389 --> 00:14:55,680
be that first person and make sure i get

450
00:15:00,069 --> 00:14:58,399
an invitation to your launch if i find

451
00:15:01,030 --> 00:15:00,079
out you went to mars and didn't invite

452
00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:01,040
me

453
00:15:05,509 --> 00:15:02,880
it'll break my heart

454
00:15:07,509 --> 00:15:05,519
don't do that to an old man so

455
00:15:08,470 --> 00:15:07,519
invite me to that launch

456
00:15:10,069 --> 00:15:08,480
so uh

457
00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:10,079
i guess the bottom line is that you

458
00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:12,880
really got to apply yourselves

459
00:15:17,590 --> 00:15:15,680
make sure you get that good education

460
00:15:19,670 --> 00:15:17,600
because that will determine not only

461
00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:19,680
whether you go down to houston to train

462
00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:21,760
to fly to mars but your education will

463
00:15:25,269 --> 00:15:23,519
determine how well you can do in your

464
00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:25,279
life no matter what it is you choose to

465
00:15:32,069 --> 00:15:26,480
do

466
00:15:34,710 --> 00:15:32,079
listen to your moms and dads and your

467
00:15:37,350 --> 00:15:34,720
grandparents and get that education

468
00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:37,360
to form the best party be the best you

469
00:15:41,749 --> 00:15:39,279
can there's nobody that can stop you

470
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:41,759
from doing anything you want to do

471
00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:43,440
i can't stop you

472
00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:44,959
the only person that can get in your way

473
00:15:48,230 --> 00:15:46,959
and stop you from achieving your goals

474
00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:48,240
is

475
00:15:52,069 --> 00:15:49,600
yourself

476
00:15:53,990 --> 00:15:52,079
so you make those choices to

477
00:15:55,670 --> 00:15:54,000
i think i firmly believe that if you

478
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,680
decide today one of your youngsters that

479
00:15:59,430 --> 00:15:57,360
you want to be that man or woman on mars

480
00:16:01,590 --> 00:15:59,440
that you can make it happen and nobody

481
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:01,600
can stop you if you really want to make

482
00:16:04,550 --> 00:16:03,120
it happen don't tell me you can't do

483
00:16:06,230 --> 00:16:04,560
things i grew up in a little coal mining

484
00:16:09,590 --> 00:16:06,240
town in west virginia

485
00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:09,600
so if i can do that you can do that

486
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:11,360
we've got a few minutes for a couple of

487
00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:13,360
quick questions if you'd like to do that

488
00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:21,430
[Music]

489
00:16:24,389 --> 00:16:22,389
um

490
00:16:27,189 --> 00:16:24,399
is

491
00:16:29,110 --> 00:16:27,199
the spacesuits kind of like armor not

492
00:16:34,629 --> 00:16:29,120
like

493
00:16:36,710 --> 00:16:34,639
solid or spacesuits solid

494
00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:36,720
spacer spacesuits are going to be very

495
00:16:41,030 --> 00:16:39,120
complicated for a mars mission they're

496
00:16:43,430 --> 00:16:41,040
probably going to have about eight or

497
00:16:45,509 --> 00:16:43,440
nine layers of material

498
00:16:47,430 --> 00:16:45,519
to protect you keep your pressurized

499
00:16:49,110 --> 00:16:47,440
keep you heated and cooled

500
00:16:50,629 --> 00:16:49,120
keep your breathing air circulating

501
00:16:52,550 --> 00:16:50,639
circulating a little water to heat you

502
00:16:54,629 --> 00:16:52,560
up and cool you down so that that suit

503
00:16:56,949 --> 00:16:54,639
is probably going to weigh maybe 300

504
00:16:59,749 --> 00:16:56,959
earth pounds

505
00:17:01,230 --> 00:16:59,759
on mars mars is one-third gravity

506
00:17:03,350 --> 00:17:01,240
if you weigh uh

507
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:03,360
180 pounds here on earth you're going to

508
00:17:08,309 --> 00:17:06,319
weigh 60 pounds on mars so your

509
00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:08,319
spacesuit even though may weigh 90

510
00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:09,839
pounds will feel like it weighs 30

511
00:17:12,789 --> 00:17:11,039
pounds so

512
00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:12,799
it's not as cumbersome but you need to

513
00:17:16,069 --> 00:17:14,319
protect yourself

514
00:17:16,949 --> 00:17:16,079
so that spacesuit will be very thick

515
00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:16,959
with a

516
00:17:21,189 --> 00:17:19,280
helmet obviously to protect you

517
00:17:23,429 --> 00:17:21,199
provide you breathing air

518
00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:23,439
martian environment is not very friendly

519
00:17:26,789 --> 00:17:25,120
it's a beautiful planet but it's not

520
00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:26,799
very friendly most of the

521
00:17:31,510 --> 00:17:28,640
atmosphere is very thin and it's about

522
00:17:33,750 --> 00:17:31,520
97 percent carbon dioxide so you can't

523
00:17:35,190 --> 00:17:33,760
just jump out of your spacecraft and

524
00:17:37,110 --> 00:17:35,200
start breathing and living on the

525
00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:37,120
surface of mars without a suit to

526
00:17:39,990 --> 00:17:38,480
protect you or

527
00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:40,000
an environment like we have us behind

528
00:17:43,909 --> 00:17:42,080
here the martian rover so it's going to

529
00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:43,919
be quite a trip and

530
00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:45,360
i think it'd be well worth your time to

531
00:17:49,350 --> 00:17:48,160
study and prepare to go do it

532
00:17:50,950 --> 00:17:49,360
anything else

533
00:17:53,909 --> 00:17:50,960
john what was uh what were you doing

534
00:17:55,029 --> 00:17:53,919
before you became an astronaut i uh

535
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:55,039
most of the astronauts were

536
00:17:59,190 --> 00:17:56,640
traditionally up until our class were

537
00:18:01,270 --> 00:17:59,200
all military pilots test pilots like

538
00:18:02,710 --> 00:18:01,280
myself i came from from the navy i was a

539
00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:02,720
test pilot in the

540
00:18:06,390 --> 00:18:04,480
united states navy

541
00:18:09,029 --> 00:18:06,400
there were 15 of us who were pilots with

542
00:18:11,669 --> 00:18:09,039
all the test pilot background

543
00:18:13,669 --> 00:18:11,679
i foresee maybe in the future of space

544
00:18:15,750 --> 00:18:13,679
travel that we may not need as many

545
00:18:17,990 --> 00:18:15,760
pilots as we're using today because most

546
00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:18,000
people will be operators

547
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:19,280
we're not going to need flying

548
00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:21,360
capability to launch and land the

549
00:18:27,350 --> 00:18:23,360
futuristic spacecraft so you'll be more

550
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:27,360
of an operator than you will be a pilot

551
00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:29,039
tell us about getting the phone call to

552
00:18:32,549 --> 00:18:30,160
find out that you had become an

553
00:18:33,990 --> 00:18:32,559
astronaut that's a good story

554
00:18:36,789 --> 00:18:34,000
no we uh

555
00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:36,799
nasa had about 8 000 serious candidates

556
00:18:40,630 --> 00:18:38,799
that they looked at to be selected for

557
00:18:42,070 --> 00:18:40,640
the astronaut program

558
00:18:44,150 --> 00:18:42,080
and then when they got down to the final

559
00:18:45,909 --> 00:18:44,160
8 000 they would uh

560
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:45,919
they studied for about a year to thin

561
00:18:51,190 --> 00:18:48,960
them down to from 800 8 000 to 200 that

562
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:51,200
they looked at pretty seriously

563
00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:53,200
and now that final 200 they would invite

564
00:18:58,310 --> 00:18:55,760
15 or 20 down to the kennedy i'm sorry

565
00:19:00,950 --> 00:18:58,320
the houston johnson space center

566
00:19:02,630 --> 00:19:00,960
for a week-long interview process

567
00:19:04,230 --> 00:19:02,640
they get into your head into your body

568
00:19:05,990 --> 00:19:04,240
they knew more about me physically and

569
00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:06,000
psycho psychology psychology

570
00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:09,520
psychologically than i knew about myself

571
00:19:13,830 --> 00:19:11,840
so after that one week with 10 or 15

572
00:19:16,470 --> 00:19:13,840
people each of that final 200 it took

573
00:19:18,310 --> 00:19:16,480
about six months for nasa to finally say

574
00:19:21,350 --> 00:19:18,320
here they are here's the 35 out of that

575
00:19:22,950 --> 00:19:21,360
final 200. so i felt good english word

576
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:22,960
is blessed

577
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:24,640
to have been chosen in that very first

578
00:19:28,710 --> 00:19:26,640
class with some super folks and like i

579
00:19:30,710 --> 00:19:28,720
said that all 35 of us got to fly at

580
00:19:33,110 --> 00:19:30,720
least one mission and most two or more

581
00:19:35,830 --> 00:19:33,120
so yeah obviously the selection process

582
00:19:37,590 --> 00:19:35,840
that we went through worked pretty well

583
00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:37,600
can you tell us what what it's like

584
00:19:41,750 --> 00:19:39,520
inside this rover

585
00:19:43,669 --> 00:19:41,760
this rover is very uh

586
00:19:45,909 --> 00:19:43,679
i bet you don't realize it but it comes

587
00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:45,919
apart it's two pieces

588
00:19:49,430 --> 00:19:47,679
these first front four wheels will

589
00:19:51,190 --> 00:19:49,440
separate from the back two wheels and

590
00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:51,200
that will go out and explore the surface

591
00:19:55,669 --> 00:19:53,280
of mars and bring back luna's martian

592
00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:55,679
samples back to the laboratory

593
00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:57,360
re-dock back in and join with the

594
00:20:01,270 --> 00:19:58,720
laboratory and then they can transfer

595
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:01,280
the material from the front cockpit

596
00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:02,720
to the laboratory and once they're back

597
00:20:06,549 --> 00:20:04,880
together then they can live in the whole

598
00:20:08,789 --> 00:20:06,559
both parts of this

599
00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:08,799
martian rover so it's in two pieces i

600
00:20:12,549 --> 00:20:10,000
don't know whether you realize that or

601
00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:12,559
not so it separates so that you can go

602
00:20:16,230 --> 00:20:14,480
out and do the lunar martian exploration

603
00:20:18,310 --> 00:20:16,240
and come back and dock again

604
00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:18,320
there'll be probably four people

605
00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:21,840
that live and work and eat and sleep

606
00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:23,440
inside this vehicle when they're on the

607
00:20:34,950 --> 00:20:32,549
um do you think that mars could be

608
00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:34,960
habitable if we meddled

609
00:20:38,950 --> 00:20:36,960
well i think mars is habitable it's not

610
00:20:40,950 --> 00:20:38,960
habitable in the sense that we inhabit

611
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:40,960
earth because the environment is much

612
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:42,720
more

613
00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:45,520
maligned because it's uh like i say

614
00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:47,600
maybe gets up to the freezing level at

615
00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:49,600
the equator in the summertime but most

616
00:20:53,430 --> 00:20:52,000
of the time it's 40 or 50 degrees below

617
00:20:56,470 --> 00:20:53,440
zero

618
00:20:59,590 --> 00:20:56,480
so that in itself is a challenge

619
00:21:01,270 --> 00:20:59,600
the atmosphere is 97 carbon dioxide so

620
00:21:02,870 --> 00:21:01,280
you can't just if you could step out in

621
00:21:04,230 --> 00:21:02,880
the heat of the cold

622
00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:04,240
you can't breathe

623
00:21:08,630 --> 00:21:07,200
you could maybe take one big breath

624
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:08,640
that'd be it

625
00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:09,760
bye bye

626
00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:11,520
you've got to have a lot of oxygen right

627
00:21:13,830 --> 00:21:12,720
to breathe and there's none on the

628
00:21:16,149 --> 00:21:13,840
surface it's

629
00:21:18,230 --> 00:21:16,159
i think one percent oxygen in the

630
00:21:20,310 --> 00:21:18,240
martian atmosphere so

631
00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:20,320
you can't live very it's not a very

632
00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:22,240
friendly planet so we have to live when

633
00:21:26,950 --> 00:21:24,559
we go outside of this vehicle

634
00:21:28,390 --> 00:21:26,960
to do excursions you know when we're

635
00:21:30,710 --> 00:21:28,400
walking like we did on the moon you're

636
00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:30,720
gonna have to have a suit

637
00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:32,720
to protect you and allow you to breathe

638
00:21:36,390 --> 00:21:34,080
and keep pressurized while you're

639
00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:36,400
outside doing your martian

640
00:21:40,710 --> 00:21:38,640
exploration

641
00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:40,720
okay

642
00:21:45,990 --> 00:21:42,960
is the vehicle air conditioned

643
00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:46,000
bet

644
00:21:48,789 --> 00:21:47,600
it's going to have a thermostat inside

645
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:48,799
there just like we had in the space

646
00:21:53,029 --> 00:21:50,240
shuttle just like we had in the apollo

647
00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:53,039
just like you have at your home so

648
00:21:56,310 --> 00:21:54,640
if the commander says i want to turn

649
00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:56,320
down a couple more degrees you can turn

650
00:22:00,789 --> 00:21:58,400
the knob down it'll be a little two

651
00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:00,799
degrees cooler inside this vehicle

652
00:22:03,990 --> 00:22:02,400
if it gets a little cold in there you

653
00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:04,000
might want to turn the thermostat up but

654
00:22:06,870 --> 00:22:05,520
there's going to be a thermostat maybe

655
00:22:07,990 --> 00:22:06,880
two of them one in the front and the

656
00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:08,000
back

657
00:22:11,190 --> 00:22:09,760
so you can control the temperature in

658
00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:11,200
the front of the vehicle separately from

659
00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:13,520
the from the rear of the vehicle

660
00:22:16,789 --> 00:22:14,960
we have an online question wanting to

661
00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:16,799
know if the vehicle will be assembled on

662
00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:19,200
the surface or taken in one piece

663
00:22:21,110 --> 00:22:20,000
uh

664
00:22:23,270 --> 00:22:21,120
probably

665
00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:23,280
what you see here won't show up on mars

666
00:22:26,950 --> 00:22:25,280
in this condition it'll

667
00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:26,960
most of the things we sent to the moon

668
00:22:30,789 --> 00:22:28,880
were collapsible

669
00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:30,799
and you took the pieces and folded them

670
00:22:33,909 --> 00:22:32,240
out and put them together so i

671
00:22:36,710 --> 00:22:33,919
envisioned that this thing won't look

672
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:36,720
very much like this as it leaves earth

673
00:22:40,870 --> 00:22:38,480
when it gets to mars and lands on the

674
00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:40,880
mars i think it will take the crew

675
00:22:44,470 --> 00:22:42,720
one or two days or maybe longer to

676
00:22:46,390 --> 00:22:44,480
assemble it into the

677
00:22:48,470 --> 00:22:46,400
what you see here today

678
00:22:50,390 --> 00:22:48,480
using their pressure suits probably to

679
00:22:52,950 --> 00:22:50,400
take the pieces and parts that are very

680
00:22:54,950 --> 00:22:52,960
you can't this is a very voluminous we

681
00:22:58,390 --> 00:22:54,960
say voluminous vehicle as you see it

682
00:23:00,470 --> 00:22:58,400
parked here today a lot of empty space

683
00:23:01,830 --> 00:23:00,480
we can't afford that on a vehicle to go

684
00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:01,840
to mars so everything's got to kind of

685
00:23:05,350 --> 00:23:03,840
be folded up and compressed

686
00:23:07,750 --> 00:23:05,360
and packaged into a way that it's

687
00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:07,760
minimal volume you still weigh the same

688
00:23:11,430 --> 00:23:10,080
thing but we want minimal volume

689
00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:11,440
and when you get to mars it's going to

690
00:23:14,950 --> 00:23:12,960
take crew like i say i don't know

691
00:23:15,990 --> 00:23:14,960
exactly how long to assemble all these

692
00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:16,000
pieces

693
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:17,440
and made it look like what you see

694
00:23:21,430 --> 00:23:19,520
behind me but i only envisioned this

695
00:23:23,029 --> 00:23:21,440
thing showing up on mars looking exactly

696
00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:23,039
like you see it here

697
00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:28,630
hi my son asks

698
00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:30,320
either going to space or going back to

699
00:23:34,149 --> 00:23:32,480
space do you have experiences such as

700
00:23:35,510 --> 00:23:34,159
jet lag

701
00:23:37,510 --> 00:23:35,520
when you're going to space and coming

702
00:23:39,430 --> 00:23:37,520
back do you experience jet lag

703
00:23:41,029 --> 00:23:39,440
uh

704
00:23:42,789 --> 00:23:41,039
not really

705
00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:42,799
the thing you do experience is you have

706
00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:45,200
to adjust yourself to a sunrise and a

707
00:23:49,350 --> 00:23:47,840
sunset every 45 minutes

708
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:49,360
you know we get accustomed to our

709
00:23:53,669 --> 00:23:51,440
circadian rhythms our sleeping cycle is

710
00:23:56,310 --> 00:23:53,679
set here on earth by sunrise and sunset

711
00:23:58,230 --> 00:23:56,320
so your head senses it's time for the

712
00:23:59,990 --> 00:23:58,240
sun to go down time for the sun to come

713
00:24:01,590 --> 00:24:00,000
up that helps you sleep

714
00:24:02,710 --> 00:24:01,600
but when you're in space particularly

715
00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:02,720
space shuttle you're going around the

716
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:04,480
earth every 90 minutes and see a sunrise

717
00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:05,840
and a sunset

718
00:24:09,350 --> 00:24:07,760
that interferes tremendously with your

719
00:24:11,510 --> 00:24:09,360
circadian rhythm

720
00:24:13,029 --> 00:24:11,520
so to help that a little bit

721
00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:13,039
when we're in space in the shuttle we

722
00:24:17,269 --> 00:24:15,200
put blinds over all of our windows when

723
00:24:18,470 --> 00:24:17,279
we're trying to sleep so that no matter

724
00:24:20,470 --> 00:24:18,480
whether you're in the sunshine or

725
00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:20,480
darkness it's kind of dark inside the

726
00:24:23,990 --> 00:24:22,000
spacecraft

727
00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:24,000
and you can maybe get in a darker part

728
00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:25,760
of the space shuttle and sleep a little

729
00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:27,120
bit better i like to sleep in the

730
00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:28,400
airlock

731
00:24:31,590 --> 00:24:29,679
in the space shuttle it was kind of

732
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:31,600
darker and quieter and cooler in there

733
00:24:35,750 --> 00:24:33,440
and i that was my favorite place to

734
00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:35,760
sleep my canadian friend liked to sleep

735
00:24:40,149 --> 00:24:38,000
right in the middle of the mid deck

736
00:24:42,470 --> 00:24:40,159
floating from one side to the other

737
00:24:44,070 --> 00:24:42,480
i i'd wake up and see his head going by

738
00:24:44,870 --> 00:24:44,080
headed toward that side of the mid deck

739
00:24:46,630 --> 00:24:44,880
and

740
00:24:48,149 --> 00:24:46,640
back asleep maybe two hours later i'd

741
00:24:49,909 --> 00:24:48,159
wake up his head had hit him over there

742
00:24:52,149 --> 00:24:49,919
stopped him start him in the other

743
00:24:53,510 --> 00:24:52,159
direction and i'd see his feet going by

744
00:24:55,909 --> 00:24:53,520
so he made about

745
00:24:57,909 --> 00:24:55,919
four trips across the mid deck during

746
00:24:59,430 --> 00:24:57,919
the eight hour sleeping period so a lot

747
00:25:00,870 --> 00:24:59,440
of people like to sleep in their mid

748
00:25:02,630 --> 00:25:00,880
their flight jack chairs up on the

749
00:25:05,669 --> 00:25:02,640
flight deck so you can actually sleep

750
00:25:08,630 --> 00:25:07,350
is there a particular region of mars

751
00:25:10,149 --> 00:25:08,640
that they're considering for the first

752
00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:10,159
landing site

753
00:25:13,190 --> 00:25:11,600
uh

754
00:25:14,789 --> 00:25:13,200
there probably are

755
00:25:16,710 --> 00:25:14,799
we want to kind of stay out of the

756
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:16,720
mountainous areas obviously you don't

757
00:25:19,269 --> 00:25:18,000
want to try to land this thing in the

758
00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:19,279
mountains so

759
00:25:23,350 --> 00:25:21,120
there are probably three or four

760
00:25:25,750 --> 00:25:23,360
and once again i think it will depend on

761
00:25:27,909 --> 00:25:25,760
when when we leave and the orientation

762
00:25:29,190 --> 00:25:27,919
of the two planets at that time so yeah

763
00:25:30,390 --> 00:25:29,200
there's probably

764
00:25:32,549 --> 00:25:30,400
i don't know what they are but they

765
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:32,559
probably have eight or ten or more

766
00:25:36,310 --> 00:25:34,480
designated potential landing sites and

767
00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:36,320
they'll probably as we get closer to

768
00:25:40,390 --> 00:25:38,880
launch finalize that choice

769
00:25:44,230 --> 00:25:40,400
did you have a least favorite job when

770
00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:44,240
you were in space a least favorite job

771
00:25:47,909 --> 00:25:46,320
i don't think there's any least favorite

772
00:25:50,310 --> 00:25:47,919
job i guess if you had to clean up the

773
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:50,320
waste management system

774
00:25:53,909 --> 00:25:51,840
that's our toilet

775
00:25:55,430 --> 00:25:53,919
but we didn't have many pro many

776
00:25:57,029 --> 00:25:55,440
problems with that so if you had a

777
00:25:59,110 --> 00:25:57,039
problem with the waste management system

778
00:26:00,789 --> 00:25:59,120
that would probably be the worst one

779
00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:00,799
tell us about landing in the space

780
00:26:05,029 --> 00:26:02,960
shuttle what was that like

781
00:26:05,909 --> 00:26:05,039
well landing in the space shuttle as big

782
00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:05,919
and

783
00:26:10,710 --> 00:26:08,000
beautiful as it was when you came back

784
00:26:12,789 --> 00:26:10,720
to land it had no engines for landing so

785
00:26:15,269 --> 00:26:12,799
we were a glider

786
00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:15,279
so when we did our deorbit burn we came

787
00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:16,320
back

788
00:26:19,990 --> 00:26:17,840
we did our deorbit burn as a matter of

789
00:26:21,350 --> 00:26:20,000
fact over australia about one hour

790
00:26:23,350 --> 00:26:21,360
before landing

791
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:23,360
so we traveled from australia to kennedy

792
00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:24,720
in one hour

793
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:26,799
slowing down slowing down the whole way

794
00:26:30,789 --> 00:26:28,559
i had no engines

795
00:26:32,470 --> 00:26:30,799
when i decided to come home i turned my

796
00:26:35,190 --> 00:26:32,480
space shuttle around backward and start

797
00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:35,200
my jet engines to slow me down

798
00:26:40,390 --> 00:26:36,840
then i turned around forward and start

799
00:26:42,149 --> 00:26:40,400
falling i fall all the way to kennedy

800
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:42,159
for one hour i'm falling back into the

801
00:26:45,029 --> 00:26:43,520
atmosphere

802
00:26:46,390 --> 00:26:45,039
and the deeper and deeper i get in the

803
00:26:48,230 --> 00:26:46,400
atmosphere the more and more air

804
00:26:50,630 --> 00:26:48,240
molecules i'm hitting

805
00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:50,640
which generate a lot of heat

806
00:26:54,630 --> 00:26:52,000
on the bottom of the space shuttle it

807
00:26:56,070 --> 00:26:54,640
gets up to maybe 3000 degrees on certain

808
00:26:57,830 --> 00:26:56,080
parts of the bottom of the shuttle so

809
00:26:59,269 --> 00:26:57,840
we're very concerned about that heat on

810
00:27:00,390 --> 00:26:59,279
the outside we want to keep it all out

811
00:27:01,830 --> 00:27:00,400
there

812
00:27:03,430 --> 00:27:01,840
because i get closer and closer to

813
00:27:05,350 --> 00:27:03,440
kennedy

814
00:27:06,870 --> 00:27:05,360
i'm i'm still a glider i don't have any

815
00:27:08,630 --> 00:27:06,880
engines i can't go around and try

816
00:27:09,750 --> 00:27:08,640
another landing again so i've got to get

817
00:27:12,310 --> 00:27:09,760
it right

818
00:27:14,070 --> 00:27:12,320
the very first and only time i do it so

819
00:27:17,110 --> 00:27:14,080
that's why we practice

820
00:27:19,110 --> 00:27:17,120
practice practice practice our landings

821
00:27:21,430 --> 00:27:19,120
because we only get one shot

822
00:27:23,510 --> 00:27:21,440
as i come back to kennedy i'm about 40

823
00:27:25,029 --> 00:27:23,520
000 feet eight miles above kennedy when

824
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:25,039
i'm overhead

825
00:27:29,190 --> 00:27:26,640
so i manage my energy to make a

826
00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:29,200
spiraling glider-like approach

827
00:27:32,549 --> 00:27:30,880
to land on one of the runways at the

828
00:27:34,470 --> 00:27:32,559
kennedy space center it takes about four

829
00:27:36,630 --> 00:27:34,480
minutes to do that from forty thousand

830
00:27:38,470 --> 00:27:36,640
feet above the ground to landing you

831
00:27:39,830 --> 00:27:38,480
would not like it

832
00:27:40,789 --> 00:27:39,840
you feel like you're falling out of the

833
00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:40,799
sky

834
00:27:44,149 --> 00:27:42,880
my nose is down about twenty degrees as

835
00:27:45,990 --> 00:27:44,159
i'm coming in to

836
00:27:47,510 --> 00:27:46,000
land the spatial making circles around

837
00:27:49,110 --> 00:27:47,520
the kennedy to make sure i manage my

838
00:27:50,870 --> 00:27:49,120
energy perfectly

839
00:27:53,669 --> 00:27:50,880
to land on the runway

840
00:27:54,870 --> 00:27:53,679
we can't go around and try it again

841
00:27:56,149 --> 00:27:54,880
so when you come down to make that

842
00:27:58,389 --> 00:27:56,159
landing you've got to get it right the

843
00:28:01,110 --> 00:27:58,399
very first time so that's why we

844
00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:01,120
practice practice practice just like

845
00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:02,960
you'll do with your mathematics

846
00:28:06,070 --> 00:28:04,480
all right let's give joe mcbride a big

847
00:28:07,990 --> 00:28:06,080
round of applause thank you very much

848
00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:08,000
enjoy being with you we'd like to thank